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- <text id=94TT0212>
- <title>
- Feb. 21, 1994: Born To Raise Hell?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Feb. 21, 1994 The Star-Crossed Olympics
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 76
- Born To Raise Hell
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By Dennis Overbye
- </p>
- <p> Some of us, it seems, were just born to be bad. Scientists say
- they are on the verge of pinning down genetic and biochemical
- abnormalities that predispose their bearers to violence. An
- article in the journal Science last summer carried the headline
- evidence found for a possible "aggression" gene. Waiting in
- the wings are child-testing programs, drug manufacturers, insurance
- companies, civil rights advocates, defense attorneys and anxious
- citizens for whom the violent criminal has replaced the beady-eyed
- communist as the boogeyman. Crime thus joins homosexuality,
- smoking, divorce, schizophrenia, alcoholism, shyness, political
- liberalism, intelligence, religiosity, cancer and blue eyes
- among the many aspects of human life for which it is claimed
- that biology is destiny. Physicists have been pilloried for
- years for this kind of reductionism, but in biology it makes
- everybody happy: the scientists and pharmaceutical companies
- expand their domain; politicians have "progress" to point to;
- the smokers, divorces and serial killers get to blame their
- problems on biology, and we get the satisfaction of knowing
- they are sick--not like us at all.
- </p>
- <p> Admittedly, not even the most rabid sociobiologists contend
- that babies pop out of the womb with a thirst for bank robbing.
- Rather, they say, a constellation of influences leads to a life
- of crime, among them poverty, maleness and a trait known as
- "impulsivity," presumably caused by bad brain chemistry, caused
- in turn by bad genes. What, you may ask, is impulsivity? The
- standard answer tends to involve people who can't control their
- emotions or who get into bar fights. A study conducted in Finland
- found that men so characterized tend to be deficient in the
- brain hormone serotonin--one of several chemical messengers
- that transmit signals between nerve cells. In another study
- researchers found that the men in a Dutch family with a history
- of male violence seemed to lack the ability to break down certain
- neurotransmitters, including serotonin, that build up in the
- brain during flight-or-fight situations. Couple this with persistent
- statistical surveys purporting to show that criminals tend to
- run in families and you have the logic behind the Violence Initiative
- dreamed up a couple of years ago by the Department of Health
- and Human Services, which included research to discover biological
- markers that could be used to distinguish violence-prone children
- as early as age five. Any doubts about the potential for abuse
- in such a program were erased when Frederick Goodwin, then director
- of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration,
- lapsed into a comparison of inner-city youth to murderous oversexed
- monkeys during a speech about the initiative. "Maybe," he said,
- "it isn't just the careless use of the word when people call
- certain areas of certain cities jungles " Amid the ensuing outcry,
- the National Institutes of Health canceled its financial support
- for a planned conference on the biology of violence. Now, however,
- bolstered by a cautious approval from the National Academy of
- Sciences, the conference is back on, and Goodwin is head of
- the National Institute of Mental Health.
- </p>
- <p> Science marches on. Or does it? The whole affair is uncomfortably
- reminiscent--as the scientists admit--of the 1960s, when
- researchers theorized that carriers of an extra Y, or male,
- chromosome were predisposed to criminality, or of earlier attempts
- to read character from the bumps on people's skulls. As any
- doctor who ever testified for a tobacco company in one of those
- trials knows, the statistical association of two things, like
- smoking and cancer, or guns and murders, does not necessarily
- imply cause and effect. We know too little about the biochemical
- cocktail that is the brain, and all too much about how stigmatized
- children live down to our expectations.
- </p>
- <p> Being a great fan of science, I'm all in favor of more research,
- testing, poking, drugging, jailing, genetic therapy, amniocentesis,
- just as soon as someone can give me a scientific definition
- of impulsivity, one that provides, say, a cultural- and color-blind
- distinction between a spirited child and an impulsive one. If
- bar fights are the criteria, it's nice to think that a simple
- blood test might have spared us the antics of people like Billy
- Martin or George Steinbrenner.
- </p>
- <p> My real complaint is that the violence initiative doesn't go
- nearly far enough. Some laboratory should be looking for the
- racism gene, or the homophobia gene. Goodwin was right; the
- inner city is a jungle. But so are the corporation, the newsroom
- and the White House staff. The language of trial lawyers or
- bond traders in full testosterone fury is as bloodcurdling as
- any mugger's. When it comes to social carnage, the convenience-store
- stickup can't compare with a leveraged buyout, trickling-down
- unemployment, depression, anger, alcoholism, divorce, domestic
- abuse and addiction. I'd like to see white men with suspenders
- and cellular phones tested for the greed gene. The genomes of
- presidential candidates should be a matter of public record.
- </p>
- <p> I'm a middle-aged white man as afraid as anyone else of being
- not quite alone on a dark New York City street, and I've stared
- into the stone-cold eyes of a mugger while he told me, "It's
- just you and me." When you hear those words, it's too late to
- fight the war on crime. The rush to define criminals as sick
- obscures an uncomfortable truth about our society, which is
- that crime and violence often pay handsomely. Just ask the conquistadores,
- the Menendez brothers, Oliver North or the comfortable and respected
- descendants of bootleggers and slaveholders. Ask the purveyors
- of the most violent television program in recent memory: the
- Gulf War.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-